Reproductive Health Matters
Volume 17, Issue 33 , Pages 143-151 , May 2009

The prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission programme in Lilongwe, Malawi: why do so many women drop out

  • Jacqueline Rose Chinkonde

      Affiliations

    • Research Fellow, Institute of General Practice and Community Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
  • ,
  • Johanne Sundby

      Affiliations

    • Professor, Institute of General Practice and Community Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
  • ,
  • Francis Martinson

      Affiliations

    • Country Director, University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe, Malawi

References 

  1. UNAIDS. 2008 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2008;
  2. World Health Organization. Antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infection in infants in resource-limited settings: towards universal access: recommendations for a public health approach. Geneva: WHO; 2006;
  3. UNICEF, WHO, UNAIDS, UNFPA. Children and AIDS: Third Stocktaking Report. 2008. At: < www.unicef.org/devpro/files/CnA_TSR_LoRes_PDF_EN_USLetter_11202008.pdf>. Accessed 20 January 2008
  4. Manzi M, Zachariah R, Teck R, et al. High acceptability of voluntary counselling and HIV-testing but unacceptable loss to follow up in a prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission programme in rural Malawi: scaling up requires a different way of acting. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2005;10(12):1242–1250
  5. Painter TM, Diaby KL, Matia DM, et al. Women's reasons for not participating in follow up visits before starting short course antiretroviral prophylaxis for prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV: qualitative interview study. British Medical Journal. 2004;329(543):1–13
  6. Sherman GG, Jones SA, Coovadia AH, et al. PMTCT from research to reality: results from routine service. South African Medical Journal. 2004;94(4):289–292
  7. Ministry of Health. Mid-year PMTCT progress report from January–June, 2008. Lilongwe: Ministry of Health; 2008;
  8. Ministry of Health. 12-Monthly Report from the HIV Unit, Ministry of Health, Malawi: Progress from January–December, 2007. Lilongwe: Ministry of Health; 2008;
  9. University of North Carolina Project. 2007 HIV Prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme annual report. Lilongwe: UNC project; 2007;
  10. University of North Carolina Project. 2004 HIV Prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme annual report. Lilongwe: UNC Project; 2004;
  11. Nkonki LL, Doherty TM, Hill Z, et al. Missed opportunities for participation in prevention of mother-to-child transmission programes: simplicity of nevirapine does not necessarily lead to optimal uptake, a qualitative study. AIDS Research and Therapy. 2007;4:27
  12. Painter TM, Diaby KL, Matia DM, et al. Socio-demographic factors associated with participation by HIV-1 positive pregnant women in an intervention to prevent mother-to-child-transmission of HIV in Côte d'Ivoire. International Journal of STD & AIDS. 2005;16(3):237–242
  13. National Statistical Office, UNICEF. Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2006. Lilongwe, Malawi: National Statistical Office, UNICEF; 2008;
  14. Ministry of Health and Population, UNICEF Malawi, National AIDS Commission. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Malawi: handbook for health workers. Lilongwe; 2003.
  15. Lwanda J. Politics, Culture and Medicine in Malawi: Historical continuities and ruptures with special reference to HIV/AIDS. Zomba: Kachere Series; 2004;
  16. Ministry of Health., National AIDS Commission. National HIV/AIDS policy: a call to renewed action. Lilongwe; 2003.
  17. Creek T, Ntumy R, Mazhani L, et al. Factors associated with low early uptake of a national program to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT): results of a survey of mothers and providers, Botswana. AIDS and Behaviour. 2007;Nov 6 Epub ahead of print and 2009;13(2):356–64
  18. Fernandez MI, Wilson TE, Ethier KA, et al. Acceptance of HIV testing during prenatal care. Perinatal Guidelines Evaluation Project. Public Health Report. 2000;115:460–468
  19. Walmsley S. Opt in or opt out: what is optimal for prenatal screening for HIV infection?. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2003;168:707–708
  20. Muyinda H, Seeley J, Pickering H, et al. Social aspects of AIDS-related stigma in rural Uganda. Health and Place. 1997;3(3):143–147
  21. Seidel G, Sewpaul V, Dano B. Experiences of breastfeeding and vulnerability among a group of HIV-positive women in Durban, South Africa. Health Policy & Planning. 2000;15:24–33
  22. Kebaabetswe P. Understanding men's attitudes towards reproductive health issues. Harvard Partnership for HIV Research & Education. Gaborone: EngenderHealth, Perinatal HIV Research Unit; 2003;
  23. Burke M, Kippax S, Rajabu M, et al. Addressing masculinities in PMTCT programs in rural Tanzania. Poster TuPdD04. XVI International AIDS Conference, Toronto; 2006.
  24. Kaiser Daily HIV/AIDS Report. Global challenges: Kenya improving access to vertical HIV transmission prevention services, official says. IRIN News; 2006.
  25. Zulu EM, Chepngeno G. Spousal communication about the risk of contracting HIV in rural Malawi. Demographic Research. 2003;1(Suppl.):S1–S8

PII: S0968-8080(09)33440-0

doi: 10.1016/S0968-8080(09)33440-0

Reproductive Health Matters
Volume 17, Issue 33 , Pages 143-151 , May 2009