The limited effectiveness of legislation against female genital mutilation and the role of community beliefs in Upper East Region, Ghana

References 

1. Rahman A, Toubia N. Female Genital Mutilation: A Guide to Laws and Policies Worldwide. London: Zed Books; 2000;
2. Toubia N. Female Genital Mutilation: A Call for Global Action. New York: RAINB♀; 1995;
3. In:  Wolfgang B,  Kisaakye E,  Oberleitner G editor. Human Rights of Women: International Instruments and African Experience. London: Biddles; 2002;
4. Dorgbedo CE. Enhancing CSOs' strategies: a complement to decentralisation for political participation of women at grassroots level in Ghana. MA thesis, Institute of Social Studies, Netherlands, 2003.
5. Constitution of the Republic of Ghana 1992. Accra: Ghana Review International 1994. At: < www.ghanareview.com/Gconst.html>. Accessed 6 January 2008
6. Inter-Parliamentary Union. Parliamentary campaign “Stop violence against women”: female genital mutilation. 2009. At: < www.ipu.org/wmn-e/fgm-prov-g.htm>. Accessed 10 February 2009
7. Aberese Ako M. Female genital mutilation in Ghana: bridging the discrepancy between law and everyday practice. MA thesis, Institute of Social Studies, Netherlands. December 2004.
8. Female genital mutilation in Ghana. Medical News Today. 2004;At: < www.medicalnewstoday.com>. Accessed 10 January 2009
9. Ghana MPs want tougher penalties for female genital cutting. Afrol News. 2009;At: < www.afrol.com/articles/21121>. Accessed 10 February 2009
10. US Department of State. 2001. Ghana: Report on Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) or Female Genital Cutting (FGC). At: < www.asylumlaw.org/docs/ghana/usdos01_fgm_Ghana.pdf>. Accessed 9 October 2009
11. Sayagues M. Female genital mutilation knows no borders. InterPress Service News. 2009;At: < ipsnews.net/africa/nota.asp?idnews=45696>. Accessed 20 February 2009
12. Dorkenu A. Cutting the Rose: Female Genital Mutilation, the Practice and Its Prevention. London: Minority Rights Publication; 1994;
13. Jackson FE, Akweongo P, Sakeah E, et al. Inconsistent reporting of female genital cutting status in Northern Ghana: explanatory factors and analytical consequences. Studies in Family Planning. 2003;34(3):200–210
    • MEDLINE
14. Ghana: practitioners of FGM to serve prison terms when caught. Public Agenda (Accra) 28 January 2008. At: < http://allafrica.com/stories/200801281198.html>. Accessed 12 February 2009
15. Parliament passes Criminal Code (Amendment) Bill. Ghanaweb. 14 June 2007. At: <www.ghanaweb.com>. Accessed 10 January 2009.
16. Akweongo P, Appiah-Yeboah S, Sakeah E, et al. The women's thing: gender roles sustaining the practice of female genital mutilation in northern Ghana. Paper presented at Annual Meeting, Population Association of America, Washington DC, March 2001.
17. Akapule SA. Fighting female genital mutilation in Ghana. Ghanaweb. 17 March 2008;At: < www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive>. Accessed 16 February 2009
18. Ministry of Women and Children's affairs. 2009. At: < www.mowacghana.net/?q=node/5>. Accessed 20 August 2009
19. Koita K. Eradicating FGM lacks political will. InterPress Service News. 2007;At: < www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=37877>. Accessed 12 February 2009
20. Richardson G. Ending female genital mutilation?. The Dominion. 2005;At: < www.dominionpaper.ca/accounts/2005/02/11/ending_fem.html>. Accessed 9 February 2009
21. Finke E. Genital mutilation as an expression of power structures: ending FGM through education, empowerment of women and removal of taboos. African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2006;10:13–17
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef
22. Henttonen M, Watts C, Roberts B, et al. Health services for survivors of gender-based violence in northern Uganda: a qualitative study. Reproductive Health Matters. 2008;16(31):122–131
    • Abstract
    • Full Text
    • Full-Text PDF (539 KB)
    • CrossRef