Reproductive Health Matters
Volume 17, Issue 34 , Pages 119-126 , November 2009

Criminalising HIV transmission: punishment without protection

  • Widney Brown

      Affiliations

    • Senior Director, International Secretariat, Amnesty International, London, UK
  • ,
  • Johanna Hanefeld

      Affiliations

    • Health Policy Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
  • ,
  • James Welsh

      Affiliations

    • Health and Human Rights Coordinator, International Secretariat, Amnesty International, London, UK

References 

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  2. Webber DW. “Weeks vs State” in AIDS and the Law. 4th ed.. New York: Wolters Kluwer/ Aspen Publishing; 2008;
  3. Irin PlusNews. Southern Africa: HIV laws put women in the line of fire, Johannesburg. December 2008. At: < www.plusnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=81723>
  4. UNAIDS. Policy Brief: Criminalization of HIV Transmission. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2006;At: < http://data.unaids.org/pub/BaseDocument/2008/20080731_jc1513_policy_criminalization_en.pdf>
  5. UNAIDS, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights, 2006 Consolidated Version. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2006;
  6. International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF). Verdict on a Virus, public health, human rights and criminal law. IPPF: London; 2008;At: < www.ippf.org/NR/rdonlyres/D858DFB2-19CD-4483-AEC9-1B1C5EBAF48A/0/VerdictOnAVirus.pdf>
  7. Open Society Institute (OSI). Ten reasons to oppose the criminalization of HIV exposure or transmission. New York: OSI; 2008;At: < www.soros.org/initiatives/health/focus/law/articles_publications/publications/10reasons_20080918>
  8. Amnesty International. South Africa: “I am at the lowest end of all”. Rural women living with HIV face human rights abuses in South Africa. London: Amnesty International; 2008;< www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR53/001/2008/en/ebc94db1-f123-11dc-b3df-0fe44bc152bc/afr530012008eng.pdf>
  9. Human Rights Watch. Hidden in the Mealie Meal: Gender-Based Abuses and Women’s HIV Treatment in Zambia. New York: HRW; 2007;
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  11. International Community of Women Living with HIV. ICW's letter to Chairperson Jamesina King of the Sierra Leone Human Rights Commission. London: ICW; 2008;
  12. Iguchi M, Bell J, Ramchand R, Fain T. How criminal system racial disparities may translate into health disparities. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 2005;16(4).
  13. Davis A. Race and criminalization: Black Americans and the punishment industry. Race, Ethnicity, and Gender. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press; 2007;
  14. National AIDS Trust. HIV Forensics. The use of phylogenetic analysis as evidence in criminal investigation of HIV transmission. London: National AIDS Trust; 2007;
  15. Daniel K. Ideas as catalytic elements in policy change: advocacy coalitions and drug policy in Switzerland. In:  Braun D,  Bush A editor. Public Policy and Political Ideas. Edwards Elgar: Cheltenham; 1999;
  16. Stefiszyn K. A brief overview of sexual offences legislation in southern Africa; prepared for: Expert Group Meeting on good practices in legislation on violence against women. Geneva: UN Office on Drugs and Crime, UN Division for the Advancement of Women, 2008.
  17. UN General Assembly. Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women. Resolution 48/104 UNGA: New York, 19 December 1993.
  18. UN General Assembly. Resolution on Eliminating rape and other forms of sexual violence in all their manifestations, including in conflict and related situations. Resolution /RES/62/134, New York: UNGA, 2008.
  19. Killian S, Suliman S, Fakier N, et al. Rape survivors and the provision of HIV post-exposure prophylaxis. South African Medical Journal. 2007;97:585–586
  20. United Nations. Ending Violence against Women: from words to action, Study of the Secretary-General (A/61/122/Add.1 and Corr.1). New York: UN; 2006;
  21. Department of Economic and Social Affairs; Division for the Advancement of Women. Handbook for legislation on violence against women. Advance version. New York: UN; 2009;
  22. Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary. Without consent. London: Central Office of Information; 2007;
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  24. Kapp C. Rape on trial in South Africa. Lancet. 2006;367:718–719
  25. Amnesty International. Swaziland: Memorandum to the Government of Swaziland on the Sexual Offences and Domestic Violence Bill. London: Amnesty International; 2006;At: < www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR55/003/2006>
  26. UN General Assembly. Resolution 62/149. New York: UNGA, 18 December 2007. At: <www.un.org/ga/62/resolutions.shtml>.
  27. IRIN. Swaziland: AIDS activists say sexual offences bill criminalises victims. August 2006;At: < www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=60022#>
  28. US Department of State. Trafficking Report 2009. Washington, DC, 2009.
  29. Ndlovu H. DPM off to Geneva. Mbanae: Swazi Observer; 14 September 2009;
  30. National Working Group on the Sexual Offences Bill. Submission to the Parliamentary Joint Ad Hoc Committee on Socio-economic Development. South Africa, 2005. At: < www.alp.org.za/pdf/Parliament/Sexual%20Offences%20Bill%20-%202005%20-%20WG%20on%20Sexual%20Offences%20Bill.pdf>
  31. AIDS Law Project. Submission on Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Bill. Johannesburg: ALP; 2006;At: < www.alp.org.za/pdf/Parliament/Criminal%20Law%20%28Sexual%20Offences%20and%20Related%20Matters%29%20-%202006%20-%20ALP.pdf>
  32. World Health Organization. Guidelines for medico-legal care for victims of sexual violence. Geneva: WHO; 2003;
  33. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. STI Treatment Guidelines. Atlanta: CDC; 2006;
  34. Terrence Higgins Trust. Policing transmission. London: THT; 2009;
  35. UN General Assembly. Resolution/63/155. UN GA Intensification of efforts to eliminate all forms of violence against women. United Nations, 30 January 2009. At: < www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/vaw/v-work-ga.htm#in>

PII: S0968-8080(09)34477-8

doi: 10.1016/S0968-8080(09)34477-8

Reproductive Health Matters
Volume 17, Issue 34 , Pages 119-126 , November 2009